2. SYMPTOMS OF INSECT DAMAGES













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3. ASSESSMENT OF PEST POPULATION AND CROP LOSS

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3. assessment of Pest Population and Crop Loss Assessment of pest population or crop loss (Survey) is a planned activity to collect data.  When assessment or survey is carried out at regular intervals in the same locality to record data, it is called “Surveillance”. It is not possible to count all the insects in a habitat.  Therefore, to estimate the population density of a pest or intensity of crop loss one has to resort to sampling. SAMPLING: Sampling is a tool for reliable estimates of pest-incidence that are representative of the range of insect abundance. Sampling unit: A sampling unit is a proportion of the habitat, from which an estimate is made.  The sampling unit may be a plant, branch of a plant, leaves, a fruit, a hill, a clump, a micro-plot or number of plants in one meter of row length, etc. A sampler can also determine the size of the sampling unit. Sample:  A group of sampl...
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5. AGROECOSYSTEM SURVEY ANALYSIS (AESA)

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5. AGROECOSYSTEM SURVEY ANALYSIS (AESA) AESA is an approach, which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries and farmers to analyses field situations with regard to pests, defenders, soil conditions, plant health, the influence of climatic factors and their interrelationship for growing healthy crop. Such a critical analysis of the field situations will help in taking appropriate deci sion on management practices. The methodology is as follows. Go to the field in groups. Walk across the field and choose 10 plants randomly. Observe keenly each of these plants and record your observations: v   Plant : observe the plant height, number of tillers, crop stage, deficiency symptoms, etc. v   Pests : observe and count pests at different places on the plant. v   Defenders: observe and count parasites and predators. v   Rats : count numbers of plants affected by rats. v   Weeds : observe weeds in the fie...
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21,22,23,24. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

21. Integrated pest management in Rice Avoid water stagnation – level the field Summer ploughing Trimming and plastering the bunds Maintain weed free condition in the field and bunds Transplanting at appropriate stage after removal of terminal part (2 to 4") of seedlings to reduce the chances of carrying and migration of immature stages of yellow stem borer. Leaving alleys (30 cm) after every 5 meters in the main field is advantageous for field monitoring as well as manual movement to take up required interventions Drain excess water from field. Flood the nursery. Ducks can be allowed to pick up bugs and larvae Regulating 'N' applications to avoid nutritional resurgence of plant and leaf hoppers. Supplementing N with K2O and neem coated materials for better utility and reduction of negative effects. Use recommended dose of N-fertilizer Harvesting of crop to ground level to reduce the chanc...
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